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<text id=92TT1469>
<title>
June 29, 1992: Futures Shock
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
June 29, 1992 The Other Side of Ross Perot
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
MARKETS, Page 69
Futures Shock
</hdr><body>
<p>Are trading floors obsolete? A new system quickens the race
toward a global electronic market
</p>
<p>By THOMAS MCCARROLL
</p>
<p> With their flashing boards and shouting traders, the
frenzied floor pits of the world's stock and commodities
exchanges are a symbol of the human side of the financial
marketplace. But they are fast becoming a quaint anachronism.
The British and French stock markets are completely
computerized, the Toronto exchange plans to shut down its
trading floor by the end of the year, and the Japanese, Koreans
and Germans are rapidly moving in that direction. Now comes one
of the biggest steps toward a global computerized marketplace:
this week Reuters and the two major Chicago commodities
exchanges plan to launch a system called Globex, a 24-hour
electronic trading system for futures and options contracts.
Eventually it and similar systems could handle stocks, bonds and
any other trades, virtually eliminating the need for trading
floors in New York City and other financial capitals.
</p>
<p> Four years and $70 million in the making, the Globex
system is a bid by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the
Chicago Board of Trade to keep from losing yet another homegrown
industry: futures trading. U.S. exchanges developed modern-day
futures, including popular contracts based on Treasury bonds and
the Eurodollar. By the late 1980s, however, copycat exchanges
from Auckland to Zurich were able to establish their own
futures markets by trading when Chicago was closed for the day.
Last year the U.S. share of the worldwide futures business had
slipped to about 50%, compared with more than 90% in 1985.
</p>
<p> The Chicago exchanges are betting that foreign traders
will flock back to the U.S. through Globex. So far, the London
and Paris exchanges have signed up to use the system; the
Tokyo, Frankfurt, Hong Kong and Zurich exchanges are expected
to follow suit. Says Globex chairman Leo Melamed: "This is a way
to extend our market around the globe across all borders and
time zones."
</p>
<p> When a customer now buys or sells futures, he calls his
broker, who phones the order to the trading desk, which turns
it over to floor traders in the pits. They, in turn, haggle over
the best price for the order, which is then tallied and
recorded. The whole process takes upwards of 20 minutes. With
Globex, the floor traders and pits are completely bypassed.
Prices are set by a computer match with incoming orders.
Execution time: three seconds.
</p>
<p> Since the system could one day be easily modified to trade
stocks, Globex could further obliterate the distinctions between
futures and stock exchanges and result in a new world order of
financial markets. Says John Sandler, chairman of the Chicago
Merc: "We can become a securities exchange. There's nothing to
stop us from doing that."
</p>
<p> That kind of talk worries officials at the New York Stock
Exchange; trading technology is advancing so rapidly that the
Big Board could be bypassed by such new high-tech systems as the
Arizona Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ and now Globex. The N.Y.S.E.
petitioned the Securities and Exchange Commission to slow down,
if not unplug, some of the networks. Says William Donaldson,
chairman of the N.Y.S.E.: "To our competitors, we're the big
monster; and it's fun to zap the monster."
</p>
<p> For investors, the biggest concern involves the hazards of
entrusting huge and sensitive financial markets so totally to
computers, notoriously prone to breakdowns and break-ins. Warns
Fred Shipley, professor of finance at DePaul University: "A
computer bug could bring the capital markets to a crashing
halt." Last month, for instance, a minor computer failure at the
Chicago Board Options Exchange shut down trading for about 90
minutes. Although the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has
tested Globex to its satisfaction, it cannot guarantee that the
system will be fail-safe. Concedes chairman Wendy Gramm: "We
haven't thought of every contingency."
</p>
<p> In addition, instantaneous electronic trading,
particularly on a global scale, could increase the volatility
of markets in the same way that computer-generated program
trading has done. Filtering trades through human hands and minds
might be slightly sluggish and inefficient, but it can serve to
add an element of stability (and occasionally even a moment of
rationality) to a marketplace. Says Albert Sindlinger, who runs
a Wallingford, Pa., investment-research firm bearing his name:
"If the past is any indication of what computers will do to
markets in the future, then we may all be in big trouble."
</p>
<p> None of these qualms, however, are likely to slow the
relentless race toward global electronic trading. If handled
correctly, the new systems could lead to markets that are more
efficient and easier to monitor and police for fraud. In any
event, the scenes of traders wildly waving pieces of paper from
the floor pits will give way to those of traders around the
world furiously typing orders into computers.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>